The thoracic outlet is a small space found between the lower part of the neck and the front of the shoulder, where nerves, arteries, and blood vessels travel to reach the arms. When these parts become compressed or injured in the thoracic outlet, a disorder known as thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs. There are three main types of thoracic outlet syndrome, and all three forms cause shoulder and neck pain. Many people with TOS also experience pain radiating from their arm to their hand. If this disorder is left untreated, the pressure on the cardiovascular system caused by thoracic outlet syndrome can lead to blood clots, muscle atrophy, and even permanent nerve damage.
Although it is a rare condition, thoracic outlet syndrome is generally caused by:
bad posture
obesity
repetitive movements of the arms and shoulders
anatomical anomalies
Those who play sports or have jobs that require repetitive movements are more likely to suffer from TOS. A greater risk was found in subjects between 20 and 40 years old, pregnant women or in subjects who have suffered a traumatic injury to the neck or back.
Some cases of TOS are caused by a congenital variation, such as the presence of an extra (supernumerary) rib. These anatomical abnormalities can limit space in the thoracic outlet and put pressure on nerves and arteries.
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